{"id":14426,"date":"2024-10-09T15:50:13","date_gmt":"2024-10-09T12:50:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/becid.eu\/glossary\/"},"modified":"2024-11-07T17:09:00","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T15:09:00","slug":"skaidrojosa-vardnica","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/becid.eu\/lv\/skaidrojosa-vardnica\/","title":{"rendered":"Skaidrojo\u0161\u0101 v\u0101rdn\u012bca"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Algoritms<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Instrukciju \u0137\u0113de, kas \u013cauj non\u0101kt pie attiec\u012bgajai situ\u0101cijai atbilsto\u0161a risin\u0101juma. Piem\u0113ram, algoritms var regul\u0113t, k\u0101di so\u013ci ir j\u0101sper, saskaroties ar konkr\u0113tu probl\u0113mu vai ar\u012b kas j\u0101dara, ja iest\u0101jas noteikti apst\u0101k\u013ci. M\u016bsdien\u0101s viens no bie\u017e\u0101kajiem kontekstiem, k\u0101d\u0101 publiskaj\u0101 telp\u0101 \u0161is j\u0113dziens tiek lietots, attiecas uz satura atlasi soci\u0101lo mediju zi\u0146u pl\u016bsm\u0101s. No visa soci\u0101lajos medijos public\u0113t\u0101 satura algoritmi izv\u0113las to, kas var\u0113tu b\u016bt saisto\u0161s un interesants konkr\u0113tajam lietot\u0101jam. Satura atlase notiek, balstoties uz to, par ko lietot\u0101js ir interes\u0113jies iepriek\u0161, un uz to, k\u0101da veida saturs pa\u0161laik piesaista vi\u0146am l\u012bdz\u012bgus indiv\u012bdus, k\u0101 ar\u012b uz citiem apsv\u0113rumiem. Satura ieteik\u0161anas algoritmiem var b\u016bt da\u017e\u0101di m\u0113r\u0137i attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz lietot\u0101ju uzved\u012bbu, bet viens no noz\u012bm\u012bg\u0101kajiem ir saist\u012bts ar to, lai lietot\u0101js konkr\u0113taj\u0101 vietn\u0113 pavad\u012btu p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas vair\u0101k laika.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Alternat\u012bvie mediji<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mediji, kuru darb\u012bbas principi at\u0161\u0137iras no t\u0101, k\u0101 str\u0101d\u0101 domin\u0113jo\u0161ie pla\u0161sazi\u0146as mediji. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba var izpausties dienask\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101 (par ko v\u0113st\u012bt), attiec\u012bb\u0101s ar valsts un sabiedr\u012bbas strukt\u016br\u0101m un satura veido\u0161anas pieej\u0101s, tai skait\u0101 izpratn\u0113 par \u017eurn\u0101listikas standartiem. Alternat\u012bvie mediji neattiecas uz k\u0101du noteiktu mediju form\u0101tu un var past\u0101v\u0113t gan druk\u0101t\u0101, gan elektronisk\u0101 (radio un TV), gan digit\u0101l\u0101 form\u0101t\u0101. Alternat\u012bvie mediji bie\u017ei vien ir nekomerci\u0101li, un to m\u0113r\u0137is ir sav\u0101m m\u0113r\u0137auditorij\u0101m v\u0113st\u012bt par noteikt\u0101m t\u0113m\u0101m, kas vai nu domin\u0113jo\u0161o mediju dienask\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101 nepar\u0101d\u0101s visp\u0101r, vai ar\u012b nereprezent\u0113 noteiktu sabiedr\u012bbas grupu skat\u012bjumu uz t\u0101m. Piem\u0113ram, noteiktai subkult\u016brai var b\u016bt savi mediji, kuri st\u0101sta par tai svar\u012bg\u0101m liet\u0101m no \u0161\u012bs subkult\u016bras p\u0101rst\u0101vju perspekt\u012bvas. \u0160\u0101di mediji var b\u016bt k\u0101das t\u0113mas vai jomas akt\u012bvistu veidoti, lai populariz\u0113tu noteiktu v\u0113st\u012bjumu vai skat\u012bjumu. Da\u017ek\u0101rt \u0161\u0101du mediju materi\u0101li var satur\u0113t ar\u012b nepatiesu inform\u0101ciju un manipul\u0101cijas, un to darbs var neatbilst visp\u0101rpie\u0146emtajiem \u017eurn\u0101listikas standartiem. Ta\u010du inform\u0101cijas kvalit\u0101tes probl\u0113ma neraksturo visus alternat\u012bvos medijus k\u0101 mediju kategoriju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Antifani (\u017eargon\u0101 \u2013 heiteri)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Indiv\u012bdi, kuriem ir sp\u0113c\u012bga nepatika pret kaut ko \u2013 cilv\u0113ku (piem\u0113ram, slaven\u012bbu) vai ar\u012b k\u0101du kolekt\u012bvu, par\u0101d\u012bbu vai objektu (piem\u0113ram, m\u016bzikas \u017eanru, grupu, vai dziesmu) \u2013 un kuri \u0161o nepatiku izsaka. Antifani var apvienoties grup\u0101s uz kop\u0113jas nepatikas pamata, un vi\u0146u aktivit\u0101tes var ietvert ne tikai negat\u012bvu koment\u0101ru public\u0113\u0161anu tie\u0161saist\u0113, bet ar\u012b baumu izplat\u012b\u0161anu, naid\u012bgu zi\u0146u s\u016bt\u012b\u0161anu naida subjektam, personiskas t\u0101 inform\u0101cijas publisko\u0161anu un citas agres\u012bvas darb\u012bbas. L\u012bdz ar to antifano\u0161ana var izpausties ar\u012b k\u0101 bulings (termins ir aprakst\u012bts \u0161in\u012b v\u0101rdn\u012bc\u0101). Ta\u010du nevar likt vienl\u012bdz\u012bbas z\u012bmi starp jebkuru publiski izteiktu kritiku, kas var b\u016bt ar\u012b pamatota, un antifanu agresiju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Apstiprin\u0101juma k\u013c\u016bda<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Indiv\u012bdu tendence piev\u0113rst liel\u0101ku izman\u012bbu inform\u0101cijai, kura apstiprina vi\u0146u l\u012bdz\u0161in\u0113jos uzskatus un p\u0101rliec\u012bbas. Apstiprin\u0101juma k\u013c\u016bda izpau\u017eas, piem\u0113ram, kad indiv\u012bds mekl\u0113 inform\u0101ciju un veic t\u0101s atlasi: argumenti par labu indiv\u012bda jau eso\u0161ajai p\u0101rliec\u012bbai vi\u0146am var izskat\u012bties ticam\u0101ki un pievilc\u012bg\u0101ki nek\u0101 argumenti pret. \u0160\u0101ds izn\u0101kums ir \u012bpa\u0161i iesp\u0113jams, ja runa ir par emocijas izrauso\u0161iem jaut\u0101jumiem vai ar\u012b p\u0101rliec\u012bb\u0101m, kuras ir dzi\u013ci iesak\u0146oju\u0161\u0101s indiv\u012bda pasaules uzskat\u0101. Apstiprin\u0101juma k\u013c\u016bdu veicina tas, ka cilv\u0113ki ir psiholo\u0123iski tend\u0113ti grib\u0113t, lai vi\u0146iem b\u016btu taisn\u012bba. Turkl\u0101t apstiprin\u0101juma k\u013c\u016bda var b\u016bt neapzin\u0101ta un indiv\u012bds to var neuzskat\u012bt, ka \u0161\u0101du k\u013c\u016bdu pie\u013cauj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Astrot\u0113rfings (astroturfing)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Uzskata vai atbalsta pau\u0161ana, kas izskat\u0101s p\u0113c pilsoniskas aktivit\u0101tes vai pla\u0161\u0101kas sabiedr\u012bbas viedok\u013ca izpausmes, bet paties\u012bb\u0101 ir m\u0101ksl\u012bgi veidota darb\u012bba, lai manipul\u0113tu ar sabiedr\u012bbas uztveri un ietekm\u0113tu l\u0113mumu pie\u0146\u0113m\u0113jus (tai skait\u0101 politi\u0137us). \u0160\u0101du taktiku m\u0113dz izmantot uz\u0146\u0113mumi vai politisk\u0101s organiz\u0101cijas, kas var organiz\u0113t un sponsor\u0113t apvien\u012bbas, kust\u012bbas un citas organiz\u0101cijas, kas gatavas publiski paust sponsor\u0113t\u0101jiem nepiecie\u0161amo viedokli. Tie\u0161saistes vid\u0113 pas\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ju v\u0101rd\u0101 var darboties ar\u012b tro\u013c\u013ci (termins ir aprakst\u012bts \u0161in\u012b v\u0101rdn\u012bc\u0101), un katrs no tiem var p\u0101rvald\u012bt vair\u0101kus soci\u0101lo mediju kontus, lai rad\u012btu iespaidu, ka attiec\u012bgo viedokli pau\u017e daudz cilv\u0113ku. Nosaukums ir c\u0113lies no m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 z\u0101liena z\u012bmola AstroTurf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Atkl\u0101tais (atv\u0113rtais) kods<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Programmat\u016bras pirmkods, kas ir br\u012bvi pieejams modific\u0113\u0161anai, atk\u0101rtotai izmanto\u0161anai un izplat\u012b\u0161anai. Pirmkods ir programm\u0113t\u0101ja rad\u012bts instrukciju apkopojums, ar kuru tiek rad\u012bta konkr\u0113t\u0101 programmat\u016bra un defin\u0113ta t\u0101s funkcionalit\u0101te. Ja pirmkods ir sl\u0113gts, bez programmas autora zi\u0146as citiem nav at\u013cauts konkr\u0113to programmu main\u012bt un veidot jaunas t\u0101s versijas. Atkl\u0101t\u0101 koda programmas bie\u017ei vien tiek izstr\u0101d\u0101tas k\u0101 nekomerci\u0101li un sabiedrisk\u0101 labuma projekti, un to att\u012bst\u012b\u0161an\u0101 var sadarboties da\u017e\u0101di programm\u0113t\u0101ji. Popul\u0101ras atkl\u0101t\u0101 koda programmat\u016bras piem\u0113ri ir da\u017e\u0101das Linux oper\u0113t\u0101jsist\u0113mas, interneta p\u0101rl\u016bkprogramma Firefox, k\u0101 ar\u012b Libre Office, kas ir Microsoft Office alternat\u012bva. Pla\u0161\u0101k\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 atkl\u0101tais kods var attiekties ar\u012b uz cit\u0101m jom\u0101m, kur\u0101s kaut k\u0101 procesi, pl\u0101ni, tehniskie projekti un citi dokumenti ir pieejami un caurskat\u0101mi ar\u012b v\u0113rot\u0101jiem no malas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Blogs<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u012bmek\u013ca vietne, kas satur apgriezti hronolo\u0123isk\u0101 sec\u012bb\u0101 sak\u0101rtotus ierakstus (jaun\u0101kie ieraksti ir aug\u0161pus\u0113) un liel\u0101koties ir par k\u0101du vienotu t\u0113mu. Katru blogu parasti veido k\u0101ds viens cilv\u0113ks, kur\u0161 pats izv\u0113las t\u0101 tematisko fokusu, ta\u010du vienu blogu var rakst\u012bt ar\u012b vair\u0101ki cilv\u0113ki. Da\u013ca blogu ir tie\u0161saistes dienasgr\u0101matas, kuru autori dokument\u0113 savu dz\u012bvi, apraksta notikumus un p\u0101rdomas. Ta\u010du blog\u0101 var public\u0113t ar\u012b zi\u0146as un\/vai viedok\u013cus un skaidrojumus par k\u0101du pla\u0161\u0101kai auditorijai noz\u012bm\u012bgu t\u0113mu \u2013 politiku, sportu, ekonomiku, tehnolo\u0123ij\u0101m, u.tml. Blogi ir soci\u0101lo mediju veids. Tie var b\u016bt gan atsevi\u0161\u0137as t\u012bmek\u013ca vietnes, gan ar\u012b da\u013ca no blogo\u0161anas platform\u0101m \u2013 tie\u0161saistes pakalpojumiem, kuri katram interesentam \u013cauj izveidot savu blogu bez tehnisk\u0101m zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m par t\u012bmek\u013ca vietnes izveidi un uztur\u0113\u0161anu. Popul\u0101ras blogu platformas ir WordPress, Blogger, Tumblr un Medium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Boti<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Datorprogrammas, kas paredz\u0113tas autonomai k\u0101du uzdevumu veik\u0161anai, piem\u0113ram, inform\u0101cijas atra\u0161anai vai k\u0101rto\u0161anai p\u0113c iepriek\u0161 dotiem parametriem, sarunas veido\u0161anai (t\u0113rz\u0113\u0161anas boti) vai v\u0113st\u012bjumu izplat\u012b\u0161anai. Nosaukums ir v\u0101rda \u201crobots\u201d sa\u012bsin\u0101jums, bet, at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 robotiem, botu darb\u012bba bie\u017ei vien neparedz sare\u017e\u0123\u012btus tehniskus risin\u0101jumus.<br>Soci\u0101lo mediju kontekst\u0101 boti ir automatiz\u0113ti konti, pa kuriem var masveid\u0101 izplat\u012bt inform\u0101ciju k\u0101das ieinteres\u0113t\u0101s puses lab\u0101. Botu uzdevums nereti ir pastiprin\u0101t k\u0101du v\u0113st\u012bjumu. Piem\u0113ram, ja k\u0101da organiz\u0101cija vai indiv\u012bds v\u0113las padar\u012bt k\u0101du interpret\u0101ciju vai uzskatu atpaz\u012bstamu, tad var tikt izmantoti boti, lai soci\u0101lajos medijos public\u0113to v\u0113st\u012bjumu padotu t\u0101l\u0101k \u2013 ar to dal\u012btos un koment\u0113tu un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di piev\u0113rstu citu lietot\u0101ju uzman\u012bbu. Boti var tikt izmantoti ar\u012b, lai v\u0113rstos pret pretiniekiem un lai vi\u0146u izplat\u012btie v\u0113st\u012bjumi masveid\u0101 sa\u0146emtu kritiskas atbildes. Boti var tikt izmantoti ar\u012b soci\u0101lo mediju algoritmu manipul\u0113\u0161an\u0101 &#8211; piem\u0113ram, radot iespaidu, ka noteikta t\u0113ma ir popul\u0101r\u0101ka nek\u0101 t\u0101 paties\u012bb\u0101 ir, un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di pan\u0101kot, ka konkr\u0113tais soci\u0101lais medijs saturu par \u0161o t\u0113mu bie\u017e\u0101k iesaka ar\u012b citiem lietot\u0101jiem. Boti bie\u017ei vien ir savienoti t\u012bkl\u0101, un to darb\u012bba tiek centraliz\u0113ti koordin\u0113ta. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di boti var b\u016bt viens no propagandistu un manipulatoru instrumentiem. Ta\u010du k\u0101 tehnolo\u0123isks risin\u0101jums boti nav ne labi, ne slikti \u2013 tiem var b\u016bt gan pozit\u012bvi, gan negat\u012bvi lietojumi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bulings, (teroriz\u0113\u0161ana, tiraniz\u0113\u0161ana)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Regul\u0101ras fiziskas un\/vai emocion\u0101las vardarb\u012bbas veids k\u0101das grupas iek\u0161ien\u0113 (it \u012bpa\u0161i klases vai skolas audz\u0113k\u0146u starp\u0101). Bulings ir m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bga un atk\u0101rtota r\u012bc\u012bba, kuras laik\u0101 uzbruc\u0113js vai uzbruc\u0113ji pazemo, iebied\u0113, piespie\u017e to kaut ko dar\u012bt vai citos veidos rada cie\u0161anas. No citiem konflikta veidiem to at\u0161\u0137ir varas un sp\u0113ka disbalanss upura un uzbruc\u0113ja attiec\u012bb\u0101s. Saist\u012bts j\u0113dziens ir mobings, kas attiecas uz l\u012bdz\u012bgu par\u0101d\u012bbu darbaviet\u0101. Bulings ne vienm\u0113r izpau\u017eas k\u0101 tie\u0161a sadursme, un viena no t\u0101 izpausm\u0113m ir upura soci\u0101la izol\u0113\u0161ana \u2013 izstum\u0161ana no grupas, ignor\u0113\u0161ana, nerun\u0101\u0161ana ar vi\u0146u, citu noska\u0146o\u0161ana pret vi\u0146u. Bulings var notikt ar\u012b tie\u0161saistes vid\u0113 (kiberbulings), bet tie\u0161saistes vardarb\u012bba m\u0113dz b\u016bt turpin\u0101jums vardarb\u012bbai, kas ir s\u0101kusies kl\u0101ties attiec\u012bb\u0101s. Uzbruc\u0113ji var s\u016bt\u012bt upurim agres\u012bvas zi\u0146as, izplat\u012bt baumas, publiskot priv\u0101tu inform\u0101ciju u.c. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no kl\u0101tienes vardarb\u012bbas, kura parasti notiek konkr\u0113t\u0101 viet\u0101 un laik\u0101 (piem\u0113ram, skol\u0101 pa dienu), tie\u0161saist\u0113 teroriz\u0113t\u0101ji savu upuri var b\u016bt sp\u0113j\u012bgi aizsniegt visu diennakti. Bulings ir sistem\u0101tiska probl\u0113ma, un t\u0101s nov\u0113r\u0161an\u0101 svar\u012bga ir iesaist\u012bto iest\u0101\u017eu (piem\u0113ram, skolu) darbinieku izpratne un r\u012bc\u012bba, gan skaidrojot indiv\u012bdiem \u0161\u0101das r\u012bc\u012bbas nepie\u013caujam\u012bbu, gan sodot par \u0161\u0101du r\u012bc\u012bbu un ievie\u0161ot atbalsta meh\u0101nismus, kas upuriem \u013cauj v\u0113rsties p\u0113c pal\u012bdz\u012bbas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Dezinform\u0101cija un misinform\u0101cija<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Nepatiesas inform\u0101cijas veidi. Dezinform\u0101cija attiecas uz apzin\u0101ti nepatiesu inform\u0101ciju, kuras m\u0113r\u0137is ir auditorij\u0101 pan\u0101kt noteiktu efektu vai izrais\u012bt noteiktu darb\u012bbu. Inform\u0101cija var tikt sagroz\u012bta, noklus\u0113tas b\u016btiskas deta\u013cas, izteikti nepamatoti apgalvojumi. Turpret\u012b misinform\u0101cija ir inform\u0101cija, kas nav rad\u012bta vai izplat\u012bta ar m\u0113r\u0137i nodar\u012bt kait\u0113jumu, ta\u010du komunikatora k\u013c\u016bdas vai neuzman\u012bbas d\u0113\u013c t\u0101 ir maldino\u0161a un auditorijai nesniedz piln\u012bgu un patiesu priek\u0161statu par to, par ko tiek st\u0101st\u012bts. Striktu robe\u017eu starp \u0161iem j\u0113dzieniem ne vienm\u0113r ir iesp\u0113jams novilkt, jo ar\u012b apzin\u0101ti rad\u012bto dezinform\u0101ciju cilv\u0113ki p\u0113c tam var izplat\u012bt bez kaitnieciska nol\u016bka, dom\u0101jot, ka t\u0101 ir patiesa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Digit\u0101l\u0101 dro\u0161\u012bba<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dro\u0161\u012bbas pas\u0101kumi, kas iev\u0113rojami digit\u0101laj\u0101 vid\u0113. Ietver darb\u012bbas, kas saist\u012btas gan ar sazi\u0146as ier\u012b\u010du (t\u0101lru\u0146u, telefonu), gan izmantoto kontu (soci\u0101lajos medijos, e-past\u0101, bank\u0101) aizsardz\u012bbu pret nesankcion\u0113tu piek\u013cuvi. Lai stiprin\u0101tu ier\u012bces aizsardz\u012bbu, nepiecie\u0161ams regul\u0101ri atjaunin\u0101t programmat\u016bru un lietot antiv\u012brusu risin\u0101jumu, k\u0101 ar\u012b aizsarg\u0101t ier\u012bci ar dro\u0161u paroli, pirksta nospieduma sken\u0113\u0161anu vai cit\u0101 veid\u0101. J\u0101nov\u0113r\u0161 iesp\u0113ja, ka ier\u012bcei fiziski piek\u013c\u016bst citi. Vienu un to pa\u0161u paroli nedr\u012bkst izmantot da\u017e\u0101dos kontos, lai \u0161\u0101das paroles z\u0101dz\u012bbas gad\u012bjum\u0101 uzbruc\u0113js neieg\u016btu piek\u013cuvi v\u0113l citiem kontiem. J\u0101iesl\u0113dz divpak\u0101pju autentifik\u0101cija (\u0161\u0101d\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 ien\u0101kot kont\u0101, bez paroles tiek pras\u012bts ar\u012b vienreizlietojams kods, kas tiek ats\u016bt\u012bts \u012bszi\u0146as form\u0101 vai ar\u012b par\u0101d\u012bts mobilaj\u0101 lietotn\u0113). J\u0101izvair\u0101s no klik\u0161\u0137in\u0101\u0161anas uz aizdom\u012bg\u0101m un nepaz\u012bstam\u0101m t\u012bmek\u013ca sait\u0113m, it sevi\u0161\u0137i, ja t\u0101ds ir ats\u016bt\u012bjis k\u0101ds nepaz\u012bstams cilv\u0113ks. Digit\u0101l\u0101 dro\u0161\u012bba prasa ar\u012b kritiskumu pret inform\u0101cijas avotiem, kuri mudina kaut ko dar\u012bt (ieguld\u012bt, p\u0101rskait\u012bt naudu, ievad\u012bt kontu piek\u013cuves datus, instal\u0113t sav\u0101 ier\u012bc\u0113 k\u0101du programmat\u016bru), lai izvair\u012btos no iesp\u0113jamas kr\u0101p\u0161anas (skat\u012bt j\u0113dzienu \u201cpik\u0161\u0137er\u0113\u0161ana\u201d \u0161in\u012b v\u0101rdn\u012bc\u0101).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>digit\u0101l\u0101 komunik\u0101cija<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Komunik\u0101cija (sazi\u0146a, apmai\u0146a ar inform\u0101ciju, attiec\u012bbu uztur\u0113\u0161ana, v\u0113st\u012bjumu nodo\u0161ana un uztvere), kas notiek digit\u0101laj\u0101 vid\u0113 \u2013 tie\u0161saist\u0113, izmantojot digit\u0101l\u0101s tehnolo\u0123ijas (datoru, t\u0101lruni).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Dzi\u013cviltojums<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u0101ksl\u012bgi rad\u012bts att\u0113ls vai video, kur\u0101 tiek kombin\u0113ti elementi no da\u017e\u0101diem avotiem. Piem\u0113ram, video, kur\u0101 viens cilv\u0113ks kaut ko saka, var tikt kombin\u0113ts ar video, kas par\u0101da k\u0101du citu cilv\u0113ku, un rad\u012bts video, kas r\u0101da, ka \u0161is cits cilv\u0113ks ar savu balsi un m\u012bmiku saka to, ko \u012bsten\u012bb\u0101 teica pirmais cilv\u0113ks. Dzi\u013cviltojuma piem\u0113rs ir ar\u012b viena cilv\u0113ka sejas vai citu \u0137erme\u0146a da\u013cu atveidojuma p\u0101rcel\u0161ana uz k\u0101du nesaist\u012btu att\u0113lu vai video materi\u0101lu. Dzi\u013cviltojumi tiek veidoti, izmantojot m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta tehnolo\u0123ijas, kas \u0161\u0101das sare\u017e\u0123\u012btas vizu\u0101l\u0101 atveidojuma redi\u0123\u0113\u0161anas darb\u012bbas m\u016bsdien\u0101s ir padar\u012bju\u0161as sal\u012bdzino\u0161i pla\u0161i pieejamas. Da\u017ek\u0101rt dzi\u013cviltojumi tiek izmantoti izklaides nol\u016bkos, ta\u010du to lietojums ir saist\u012bts ar riskiem propagand\u0101. \u0160\u0101di var tikt m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ts rad\u012bt iespaidu, ka publiski zin\u0101ma persona ir kaut ko apgalvojusi, un \u0161\u0101ds materi\u0101ls var vai nu iedrag\u0101t konkr\u0113t\u0101s personas reput\u0101ciju, vai ar\u012b ietekm\u0113t \u0161\u0101du materi\u0101lu auditorijas izv\u0113li (piem\u0113ram, v\u0113l\u0113\u0161an\u0101s).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>fakts<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Inform\u0101cijas vien\u012bba, kas attiecas uz kaut ko patiesu, re\u0101li eksist\u0113jo\u0161u. Fakti ir emp\u012brisk\u0101 veid\u0101 (objekt\u012bvi ar cilv\u0113ka ma\u0146\u0101m nov\u0113rojam\u0101 veid\u0101) p\u0101rbaud\u0101mi. Fakti ir neatkar\u012bgi no p\u0101rliec\u012bb\u0101m un viedok\u013ciem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Faktu p\u0101rbaude<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Noteiktu izteikumu vai apgalvojumu patiesuma izv\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana. Faktu p\u0101rbaudi var veikt katrs mediju lietot\u0101js, sal\u012bdzinot las\u012btaj\u0101 avot\u0101 sac\u012bto ar ticamos avotos atrodamo inform\u0101ciju vai izp\u0113tot konkr\u0113t\u0101 izteikuma izcelsmi. Faktu p\u0101rbaude ir ar\u012b \u017eurn\u0101listikas \u017eanrs, kur\u0101 \u017eurn\u0101listi p\u0101rbauda da\u017e\u0101dus izteikumus \u2013 parasti vai nu publiski zin\u0101mu personu, tai skait\u0101 politi\u0137u, sac\u012bt\u0101, vai soci\u0101lajos medijos iev\u0113r\u012bbu guvu\u0161u apgalvojumu. Faktu p\u0101rbaudes \u017eurn\u0101listi izv\u0113rt\u0113, cik patiess konkr\u0113tais apgalvojums ir, k\u0101 ar\u012b sniedz pier\u0101d\u012bjumus, kas \u0161\u0101du v\u0113rt\u0113jumu pamato. \u0160is ir viens no veidiem, k\u0101 ir iesp\u0113jams mazin\u0101t nepatiesas inform\u0101cijas izplat\u012b\u0161anos inform\u0101cijas vid\u0113.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Filtr\u0113\u0161ana<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Inform\u0101cijas atlase, atsij\u0101jot neaktu\u0101lo, neuzticamo vai neb\u016btisko. Sp\u0113ja atrast, izv\u0113rt\u0113t un atlas\u012bt nepiecie\u0161amo inform\u0101ciju ir viena no medijprat\u012bbas pamata prasm\u0113m. T\u0101 \u013cauj sekot l\u012bdzi aktu\u0101laj\u0101m noris\u0113m, risin\u0101t da\u017e\u0101das probl\u0113mas, kur\u0101s nepiecie\u0161ams padoms vai pam\u0101c\u012bba, k\u0101 ar\u012b efekt\u012bv\u0101k izmantot savu laiku, lai tas neb\u016btu j\u0101velta nevajadz\u012bgas inform\u0101cijas pat\u0113r\u0113\u0161anai. Inform\u0101cijas filtr\u0113\u0161ana \u013cauj izvair\u012bties no inform\u0101cijas p\u0101rslodzes \u2013 situ\u0101cijas, kur\u0101 inform\u0101cijas ir vair\u0101k nek\u0101 indiv\u012bda kapacit\u0101tes to uztvert un izv\u0113rt\u0113t un kas noved pie nesp\u0113jas pie\u0146emt l\u0113mumus. Atlases noz\u012bm\u012bgumu palielina ar\u012b tas, ka pieejam\u0101s inform\u0101cijas apjoms aizvien pieaug, un ir daudz t\u0101du ieinteres\u0113to pu\u0161u, kas inform\u0101ciju rada un izplata un ar da\u017e\u0101diem l\u012bdzek\u013ciem v\u0113las piesaist\u012bt cilv\u0113ku uzman\u012bbu. Cilv\u0113kiem t\u0101p\u0113c ir j\u0101sp\u0113j iz\u0161\u0137irt, k\u0101das inform\u0101cijas uztver\u0161anai ir v\u0113rts t\u0113r\u0113t vi\u0146u laiku un kognit\u012bvos resursus.<br>Efekt\u012bva inform\u0101cijas atlase ir iesp\u0113jama, ja indiv\u012bds ir defin\u0113jis, k\u0101du inform\u0101ciju v\u0113las, un sp\u0113j izmantot sav\u0101 r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 eso\u0161os l\u012bdzek\u013cus, lai \u0161o inform\u0101ciju atlas\u012btu un mazin\u0101tu nesvar\u012bg\u0101s inform\u0101cijas \u012bpatsvaru sav\u0101 vid\u0113. Viens no veidiem, k\u0101 atlase ir iesp\u0113jama soci\u0101lajos medijos, ir sekojot inform\u0101cijas avotiem, kas indiv\u012bdam ir saisto\u0161i, atrakstoties no nesaisto\u0161ajiem, k\u0101 ar\u012b izvairoties klik\u0161\u0137in\u0101t uz nesvar\u012bg\u0101s vai nekvalitat\u012bv\u0101s inform\u0101cijas avotiem, lai t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di nesignaliz\u0113tu inform\u0101cijas ieteik\u0161anas algoritmiem, ka indiv\u012bds \u0161\u0101du inform\u0101ciju v\u0113las sa\u0146emt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Identit\u0101tes z\u0101dz\u012bba<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Personu identific\u0113jo\u0161as inform\u0101cijas piesavin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s, k\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 viena persona, uzdodoties par citu personu, var veikt nesankcion\u0113tas darb\u012bbas. Nozagt var gan personu apliecino\u0161us dokumentus (piem\u0113ram, pasi), gan inform\u0101ciju nemateri\u0101l\u0101 form\u0101 (personas kodu, paroles, internetbankas piesl\u0113g\u0161an\u0101s datus, pirkstu nospiedumu inform\u0101ciju, elektronisko parakstu, utt.). Piem\u0113ram, noziedznieks var uz cita cilv\u0113ka v\u0101rda pa\u0146emt kred\u012btu, kura atmaksu aizdev\u0113js p\u0113c tam sagaid\u012bs no upura. Identit\u0101tes z\u0101dz\u012bba var b\u016bt ar\u012b veids, k\u0101 m\u0113\u0123ina sl\u0113pt k\u0101da cita nozieguma p\u0113das. Identit\u0101tes z\u0101dz\u012bbas riskus var mazin\u0101t, sekojot inform\u0101cijas dro\u0161\u012bbas principiem \u2013 tai skait\u0101 izmantot dro\u0161as paroles un divpak\u0101pju autentifik\u0101ciju, k\u0101 ar\u012b neatkl\u0101jot citiem sensit\u012bvu inform\u0101ciju par sevi (personu apliecino\u0161o dokumentu vai bankas kartes datus) un regul\u0101ri atjauninot izmantoto digit\u0101lo ier\u012b\u010du programmat\u016bru, k\u0101 ar\u012b mazinot iesp\u0113ju, ka t\u0101s tiek infic\u0113tas ar v\u012brusiem (skat\u012bt j\u0113dzienu \u201cdigit\u0101l\u0101 dro\u0161\u012bba\u201d \u0161in\u012b v\u0101rdn\u012bc\u0101)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Influenceri<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Soci\u0101lo mediju lietot\u0101ji, kas saviem sekot\u0101jiem reklam\u0113 da\u017e\u0101das preces vai z\u012bmolus, no kuru populariz\u0113\u0161anas g\u016bst personisku labumu. Influenceri veido saturu, kas piesaista auditoriju un kura centr\u0101 nereti ir influencera person\u012bba. Auditorijas lielums un citi t\u0101s raksturojumi liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 ietekm\u0113 to, cik influenceris nopelna. Influenceru sekot\u0101ji var att\u012bst\u012bt emocion\u0101lu pie\u0137er\u0161anos vi\u0146iem. Tas vairo sekot\u0101ju uztic\u0113\u0161anos influenceru sac\u012btajam un palielina vi\u0146u uz\u0146\u0113m\u012bbu pret rekl\u0101mas v\u0113st\u012bjumiem. Ta\u010du influenceru veidotie materi\u0101li gan nepatiesu un nep\u0101rbaud\u012btu, gan patiesu, noder\u012bgu vai izklaid\u0113jo\u0161u inform\u0101ciju. T\u0101p\u0113c auditorijai ir j\u0101b\u016bt \u013coti piesardz\u012bgai, \u0161ai inform\u0101cijai uzticoties<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Inform\u0101cija<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Datu apkopojums vai zi\u0146as par jebk\u0101du t\u0113mu. Uz inform\u0101cijas pamata var rad\u012bt zin\u0101\u0161anas, ta\u010du inform\u0101cija pati v\u0113l nav zin\u0101\u0161anas. Lai inform\u0101cija k\u013c\u016btu par zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m, cilv\u0113kam ir tai j\u0101pie\u0161\u0137ir j\u0113ga, interpret\u0101cija, skaidrojums. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no inform\u0101cijas, zin\u0101\u0161anas ir tie\u0161i izmantojamas kaut k\u0101 rad\u012b\u0161an\u0101 vai attiec\u012bgu procesu skaidro\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Internets<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Glob\u0101ls datoru t\u012bkls, kur\u0101 var p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012bt inform\u0101ciju un piek\u013c\u016bt da\u017e\u0101diem pakalpojumiem, tai skait\u0101 e-pastam, sazi\u0146as un failu apmai\u0146ai. Internet\u0101 pieejam\u0101 inform\u0101cija, k\u0101 ar\u012b programmat\u016bra, kas darbina internet\u0101 pieejamos pakalpojumus, atrodas serveros \u2013 datoros, kuri, sa\u0146emot attiec\u012bgu komandu, p\u0101rs\u016bta piepras\u012bto inform\u0101ciju. Lai gan nereti j\u0113dzieni \u201cinternets\u201d un \u201c(vispasaules) t\u012bmeklis\u201d (termins ir aprakst\u012bts \u0161in\u012b v\u0101rdn\u012bc\u0101) tiek lietoti k\u0101 sinon\u012bmi, tie at\u0161\u0137iras. Internets \u013cauj ier\u012bc\u0113m p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012bt datus, ta\u010du vispasaules t\u012bmeklis \u013cauj piek\u013c\u016bt t\u012bmek\u013ca lap\u0101m. Daudzas lietotnes, ar kur\u0101m ier\u012bc\u0113 var piek\u013c\u016bt da\u017e\u0101diem pakalpojumiem, soci\u0101lajiem medijiem vai e-pastam, izmanto internetu, bet ne t\u012bmekli. Turpret\u012b t\u012bmek\u013ca lapu apl\u016bko\u0161ana, izmantojot adreses (piem\u0113ram, www.google.com), notiek t\u012bmekl\u012b, izmantojot p\u0101rl\u016bkprogrammu (termins ir aprakst\u012bts \u0161in\u012b v\u0101rdn\u012bc\u0101).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Izme\u0161ana no konkr\u0113t\u0101s vides vai grupas (\u017eargon\u0101 \u2013 bans)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Aizliegums piedal\u012bties k\u0101d\u0101 grup\u0101 vai aktivit\u0101t\u0113; grupas vai aktivit\u0101tes dal\u012bbnieka izsl\u0113g\u0161ana. Parasti attiecas uz tie\u0161saistes vidi, piem\u0113ram, sp\u0113\u013cu kopien\u0101m, soci\u0101lajiem medijiem vai diskusiju grup\u0101m. \u0160o darb\u012bbu (\u201cbano\u0161anu\u201d) veic tie dal\u012bbnieki, kuriem konkr\u0113taj\u0101 vid\u0113 ir privili\u0123\u0113tas (administratora) ties\u012bbas. L\u0113mums par aizliegumu piedal\u012bties parasti tiek pie\u0146emts uz konkr\u0113t\u0101s vides noteikumu (tai skait\u0101 nerakst\u012bto) p\u0101rk\u0101puma pamata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Izsl\u0113g\u0161anas kult\u016bra (\u017eargon\u0101 \u2013 \u201ckancel\u0113\u0161ana\u201d)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Fr\u0101ze, kas attiecas uz k\u0101da cilv\u0113ka izstum\u0161anu no k\u0101das soci\u0101l\u0101s vai profesion\u0101l\u0101s vides \u0161\u012b cilv\u0113ka uzskatu vai r\u012bc\u012bbas d\u0113\u013c. Fr\u0101zei ir negat\u012bva nokr\u0101sa, un t\u0101 parasti tiek lietota situ\u0101cij\u0101s, kur\u0101s \u0161\u0101da izstum\u0161ana tiek uzskat\u012bta par nepamatoti bargu reakciju uz t\u0101da viedok\u013ca pau\u0161anu, kam, p\u0113c fr\u0101zes lietot\u0101ja dom\u0101m, ties\u012bbas past\u0101v\u0113t. Izsl\u0113g\u0161anas kult\u016bras kriti\u0137i \u0161in\u012b par\u0101d\u012bb\u0101 saskata nepamatotu v\u0101rda br\u012bv\u012bbas ierobe\u017eo\u0161anu. Izsl\u0113g\u0161anas kult\u016bra var izpausties, piem\u0113ram, ja k\u0101ds aktieris, sportists vai zin\u0101tnieks zaud\u0113 l\u012bgumus un karjeras iesp\u0113jas t\u0101p\u0113c, ka ir pateicis kaut ko, kas nav pie\u0146emams noteiktai sabiedr\u012bbas da\u013cai. Izsl\u0113g\u0161ana var ietvert aicin\u0101jumus v\u0113rsties pret k\u0101du uz ideolo\u0123isk\u0101s p\u0101rliec\u012bbas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbu pamata. Pret\u0113ja poz\u012bcija ir, ka cilv\u0113kiem ir ties\u012bbas v\u0113rsties pret tiem, kuru r\u012bc\u012bbu uzskata par aplamu, kaitniecisku vai cit\u0101di nepie\u0146emamu, un \u0161is ir veids, k\u0101 \u0161\u0101das r\u012bc\u012bbas veic\u0113jus piespiest par sav\u0101m izv\u0113l\u0113m atbild\u0113t. Latvie\u0161u valod\u0101 da\u017ek\u0101rt tiek lietota ar\u012b versija \u201catcel\u0161anas kult\u016bra\u201d, ta\u010du tas ir neprec\u012bzs tulkojums. Ang\u013cu valodas v\u0101rdam \u201ccancel\u201d tik tie\u0161\u0101m ir noz\u012bme ar\u012b \u2018atcelt\u2019, ta\u010du t\u0101 nav vien\u012bg\u0101. Turkl\u0101t cilv\u0113ku nevar \u201catcelt\u201d, bet var izsl\u0113gt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Kritisk\u0101 dom\u0101\u0161ana<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pieejamo pier\u0101d\u012bjumu, apgalvojumu u.c. inform\u0101cijas izv\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana, lai non\u0101ktu pie racion\u0101la un pamatota sprieduma par \u0161\u012bs inform\u0101cijas patiesumu un ticam\u012bbu. Kritisk\u0101 dom\u0101\u0161ana pal\u012bdz saskat\u012bt argument\u0101cijas un lo\u0123ikas k\u013c\u016bdas, manipul\u0101cijas ar datiem, nepiln\u012bbas pier\u0101d\u012bjumos un citus tr\u016bkumus. Kritisk\u0101 dom\u0101\u0161ana pal\u012bdz pasarg\u0101t indiv\u012bdu no maldino\u0161iem v\u0113st\u012bjumiem. Ta\u010du kritisk\u0101 dom\u0101\u0161ana nav tas pats, kas visa kritiz\u0113\u0161ana un netic\u0113\u0161ana nekam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Lietotne (\u017eargon\u0101 \u2013 aplik\u0101cija)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Programma, kas \u013cauj ar sazi\u0146as ier\u012bci, piem\u0113ram, t\u0101lruni vai datoru, veikt k\u0101das noteiktas funkcijas. Dokumentu redi\u0123\u0113\u0161anai, (piem\u0113ram, Microsoft Word), e-pasta apskat\u012b\u0161anai, da\u017e\u0101do soci\u0101lo mediju lieto\u0161anai (piem\u0113ram, Facebook vai TikTok) un citu darb\u012bbu veik\u0161anai eksist\u0113 da\u017e\u0101das specifiskas lietotnes. T\u012bmek\u013ca p\u0101rl\u016bkprogrammas ar\u012b ir lietotnes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>m\u0101ksl\u012bgais intelekts<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Iek\u0101rtu un programmu sp\u0113ja darboties autonomi un pie\u0146emt l\u0113mumus situ\u0101cij\u0101s, par kur\u0101m \u0161\u012bm sist\u0113m\u0101m iepriek\u0161 nav dotas konkr\u0113tas nor\u0101des, k\u0101 j\u0101r\u012bkojas. M\u0101ksl\u012bgais intelekts ir intelekts, kuru cilv\u0113ki rad\u012bju\u0161i, lai lietotu k\u0101d\u0101 tehnolo\u0123isk\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101. M\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta sist\u0113mas savas darb\u012bbas sp\u0113jas ieg\u016bst, izmantojot ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161anos.<br>T\u0101 parasti tiek realiz\u0113ta, ievadot lielu inform\u0101cijas daudzumu, uz k\u0101 pamata m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta programma att\u012bsta sp\u0113ju atpaz\u012bt sakar\u012bbas, kas ievad\u012btaj\u0101 inform\u0101cij\u0101 ir atrodamas. P\u0113c \u0161\u0101das m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s sist\u0113ma sp\u0113j uz l\u012bdz\u012bbas pamata str\u0101d\u0101t ar\u012b ar elementiem, kuru apm\u0101c\u012bb\u0101 izmantotaj\u0101 inform\u0101cij\u0101 nav bijis. Piem\u0113ram, ja ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s proces\u0101 \u0161\u0101d\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101 ievada lielu daudzumu ar ka\u0137u bild\u0113m, rezult\u0101t\u0101 sist\u0113ma sp\u0113s ka\u0137i atpaz\u012bt ar\u012b jaun\u0101 un iepriek\u0161 neredz\u0113t\u0101 att\u0113l\u0101.<br>M\u016bsdien\u0101s eksist\u0113 da\u017e\u0101das at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgas m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta sist\u0113mas. Publiskaj\u0101 telp\u0101 par m\u0101ksl\u012bgo intelektu pa\u0161laik bie\u017ei tiek run\u0101ts lielo valodas mode\u013cu kontekst\u0101. \u0160ie mode\u013ci ir apm\u0101c\u012bti, izmantojot lielus teksta apjomus, kas (ierobe\u017eot\u0101 apjom\u0101) atspogu\u013co cilv\u0113ku zin\u0101\u0161anas un dabisk\u0101s valodas gramatisk\u0101s strukt\u016bras, un sp\u0113j apstr\u0101d\u0101t lietot\u0101ju piepras\u012bjumus un uz tiem sniegt atbildes. Uz \u0161\u0101du mode\u013cu pamata tiek rad\u012bti t\u0113rz\u0113\u0161anas roboti (\u010datboti), kas sp\u0113j uztur\u0113t ar lietot\u0101ju dialogu un atbild\u0113t uz da\u017e\u0101diem jaut\u0101jumiem. Ta\u010du, t\u0101 k\u0101 \u0161ie mode\u013ci nav sp\u0113j\u012bgi uz cilv\u0113kiem rakstur\u012bgu spriestsp\u0113ju, tie nesp\u0113j izv\u0113rt\u0113t sevis sniegt\u0101s inform\u0101cijas patiesumu un var pie\u013caut k\u013c\u016bdas. \u0160ie ierobe\u017eojumi ce\u013cas no t\u0101, ka m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta sist\u0113mas l\u0113mumus pie\u0146em, izdarot min\u0113jumus uz apm\u0101c\u012bb\u0101 izmantot\u0101 materi\u0101la statistisk\u0101s anal\u012bzes rezult\u0101tu pamata. Piem\u0113ram, sniedzot atbildi uz k\u0101du jaut\u0101jumu, \u0161\u0101da sist\u0113ma izv\u0113l\u0113sies v\u0101rdus, kuriem, atbilsto\u0161i m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s materi\u0101lam, ir visaugst\u0101k\u0101 varb\u016bt\u012bba b\u016bt saist\u012btiem.<br>Viens no popul\u0101r\u0101kajiem \u0161\u0101da veida pakalpojumiem ir ChatGPT. T\u0101pat eksist\u0113 sist\u0113mas, kas ir apm\u0101c\u012btas ne tikai ar teksta, bet ar\u012b vizu\u0101liem materi\u0101liem un sp\u0113j uz tekstu\u0101la apraksta pamata rad\u012bt att\u0113lus vai videoklipus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>medijprat\u012bba<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Prasmju un kompeten\u010du kopums, kas attiecas uz sp\u0113ju lietot medijus \u2013 piek\u013c\u016bt inform\u0101cijai, to izv\u0113rt\u0113t, k\u0101 ar\u012b to veidot un izplat\u012bt. T\u0101 k\u0101 inform\u0101cijas apjoms past\u0101v\u012bgi pieaug, medijprat\u012bba ir kritiski svar\u012bga pamatotu l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Paties\u012bba<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atbilst\u012bba realit\u0101tei. Par paties\u012bbu var run\u0101t gan atsevi\u0161\u0137u faktu l\u012bmen\u012b, gan faktu apkopojumu un uz tiem izdar\u012btu spriedumu un rad\u012btu zin\u0101\u0161anu l\u012bmen\u012b. Fakts ir patiess, ja eksist\u0113 ticami pier\u0101d\u012bjumi, kas to par\u0101da. Piem\u0113ram, konkr\u0113tais fakts ir konsekventi nov\u0113rojams, izmantojot zin\u0101tnisk\u0101s metodes. Ta\u010du apgalvojumi bie\u017ei vien satur vair\u0101k nek\u0101 vienu faktu, un tas \u0161o apgalvojumu patiesuma p\u0101rbaudi var sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt. Ne visas patiesu faktu kombin\u0101cijas noved pie patiesiem spriedumiem. Piem\u0113ram, atlasot tikai da\u017eus faktus vai ar\u012b noteiktus faktus izce\u013cot, ir iesp\u0113jams noz\u012bm\u012bgi main\u012bt v\u0113st\u012bjumu, tai skait\u0101 ar to rad\u012bt maldino\u0161u priek\u0161statu. Fakti var tikt at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgi interpret\u0113ti (tiem var tikt pie\u0161\u0137irtas noz\u012bmes) atbilsto\u0161i interpret\u0113t\u0101ja pasaules uzskatam. Cilv\u0113ku r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 eso\u0161\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas un fakti par pasauli past\u0101v\u012bgi papla\u0161in\u0101s, un l\u012bdz\u0161in\u0113j\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas tiek p\u0101rbaud\u012btas un p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u0113tas. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka par da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m t\u0113m\u0101m m\u016bsu pa\u0161reiz\u0113j\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas pa\u0161laik var b\u016bt nepiln\u012bgas. L\u012bdz ar to tas, kas pa\u0161laik tiek uzskat\u012bts par paties\u012bbu, ne vienm\u0113r t\u0101ds ir univers\u0101l\u0101, absol\u016bt\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113. \u0160\u012bs probl\u0113mas kontekst\u0101 par paties\u012bbu ir j\u0101uzskata lab\u0101ko, piln\u012bg\u0101ko, prec\u012bz\u0101ko uz p\u0101rbaud\u0101miem faktiem balst\u012bto pa\u0161laik pieejamo zin\u0101\u0161anu kopumu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pik\u0161\u0137er\u0113\u0161ana<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Manipul\u0101cijas veids, kura laik\u0101 kr\u0101pnieki izvilina no upura sev nepiecie\u0161amo inform\u0101ciju vai pan\u0101k, ka tas veic k\u0101das citas darb\u012bbas, piem\u0113ram, sav\u0101 ier\u012bc\u0113 instal\u0113 spiegprogrammat\u016bru (termins ir aprakst\u012bts \u0161in\u012b v\u0101rdn\u012bc\u0101). Pik\u0161\u0137er\u0113\u0161anas uzbrukuma piem\u0113rs ir e-pasta v\u0113stule, kuras s\u016bt\u012bt\u0101js izliekas par k\u0101da uzticama uz\u0146\u0113muma vai instit\u016bcijas p\u0101rst\u0101vji un prasa adres\u0101tam vai nu uzklik\u0161\u0137in\u0101t uz saites, kas ved uz lapu, kur\u0101 j\u0101ievada k\u0101di person\u012bgi dati, vai ar\u012b atv\u0113rt pielikumu, kura saturs var infic\u0113t upura datoru. Pik\u0161\u0137er\u0113t\u0101ji var izmantot da\u017e\u0101dus sazi\u0146as l\u012bdzek\u013cus, tai skait\u0101 zvan\u012bt upuriem un s\u016bt\u012bt \u012bszi\u0146as. T\u0101pat kr\u0101pnieki izplata \u013caunpr\u0101t\u012bgus kvadr\u0101tkodus (QR), p\u0113c k\u0101 nosken\u0113\u0161anas ier\u012bce var m\u0113\u0123in\u0101t lejupiel\u0101d\u0113t \u013caunpr\u0101t\u012bgu programmat\u016bru vai atv\u0113rt t\u012bmek\u013ca vietni, kas izliekas par t\u0101du, kas pieder \u012bsta un uzticama pakalpojuma sniedz\u0113jam. Pik\u0161\u0137er\u0113\u0161anas j\u0113dziens ir atvasin\u0101ts no mak\u0161\u0137er\u0113\u0161anas, ar kuru tai ir l\u012bdz\u012bba: mak\u0161\u0137ernieks (uzbruc\u0113js) izmet \u0101\u0137i ar \u0113smu, kuru zivs (upuris) neatpaz\u012bst k\u0101 briesmas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Platforma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pakalpojums, kas savieno noteiktu resursu pieg\u0101d\u0101t\u0101jus un pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101jus. Komunik\u0101cijas platformas (tai skait\u0101 soci\u0101lie mediji, t\u0101di k\u0101 Facebook, Instagram un TikTok) savieno da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s inform\u0101cijas un komunik\u0101cijas aktivit\u0101t\u0113s iesaist\u012btos, piem\u0113ram, \u017eurn\u0101listikas medijus, politi\u0137us, reklam\u0113t\u0101jus no vienas puses un to auditorijas no otras. L\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101 k\u0101rt\u0101 platformas savieno indiv\u012bdus, kas v\u0113las viens otru atrast, uztur\u0113t kontaktu un apmain\u012bties ar inform\u0101ciju. Pla\u0161\u0101k\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 platforma ir jebkura infrastrukt\u016bra, kas tre\u0161aj\u0101m pus\u0113m \u013cauj izplat\u012bt v\u0113st\u012bjumus vai kaut ko citiem pied\u0101v\u0101t. Piem\u0113ram, masu medijs ir platforma, kas var at\u013caut noteiktiem cilv\u0113kiem un organiz\u0101cij\u0101m noteiktos apst\u0101k\u013cos sevi populariz\u0113t (piem\u0113ram, izvietot rekl\u0101mu vai paust viedok\u013cus). Tirgus laukums ir platforma, kas dod iesp\u0113jas p\u0101rdev\u0113jiem satikties ar pirc\u0113jiem. Datora oper\u0113t\u0101jsist\u0113ma (piem\u0113ram, Windows) ir platforma, kur\u0101 var darbin\u0101t da\u017e\u0101du neatkar\u012bgu izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ju programmat\u016bru, kuru izmanto lietot\u0101ji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Propaganda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u0113st\u012bjumi, kas veidoti t\u0101, lai attiec\u012bgo t\u0113mu vai probl\u0113mjaut\u0101jumu par\u0101d\u012btu veid\u0101, kas ir izdev\u012bgs k\u0101dai vienai pusei un kuru m\u0113r\u0137is ir ietekm\u0113t auditorijas uzskatus. Propaganda izmanto da\u017e\u0101das manipul\u0101cijas tehnikas, lai rad\u012btu noteiktu iespaidu. T\u0101 var izmantot ar\u012b patiesu inform\u0101ciju, ta\u010du propagandas v\u0113st\u012bjumi ir patiesi tikai tikt\u0101l, cik tas ir izdev\u012bgi propagandistam. Lai pan\u0101ktu v\u0113lamo v\u0113st\u012bjumu, var tikt izlaisti noteikti fakti, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di mainot v\u0113st\u012bjumu, k\u0101 ar\u012b akcent\u0113tas noteiktas interpret\u0101cijas, un var tikt izmantota ar\u012b nepatiesa inform\u0101cija, k\u013c\u016bdaina argument\u0101cija, k\u0101 ar\u012b v\u0101rdi vai t\u0113li, kas m\u0113r\u0137auditorij\u0101 izraisa noteiktu emocion\u0101lo reakciju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pseidozin\u0101tne<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Skaidrojumi vai apgalvojumi, kas tiek uzdoti par zin\u0101tniskos pier\u0101d\u012bjumos un teorij\u0101s balst\u012btiem, ta\u010du kur\u0101m nav zin\u0101tnisku pier\u0101d\u012bjumu vai ar\u012b kas ieg\u016btas, nekorekti izmantojot zin\u0101tnisko metodi. Pseidozin\u0101tnes piem\u0113rs ir astrolo\u0123ija \u2013 skaidrojums, ka debess \u0137erme\u0146u st\u0101voklis sniedz inform\u0101ciju par indiv\u012bdiem un notikumiem uz zemes. \u0160\u0101das teorijas p\u0101rbaud\u012b\u0161ana pras\u012btu sistem\u0101tisku p\u0113t\u012bjumu veik\u0161anu, kuros vienlaikus tiktu m\u0113r\u012btas daudzu noteikt\u0101 teritorij\u0101 dz\u012bvojo\u0161u cilv\u0113ku dz\u012bves norises neatkar\u012bgi no vi\u0146u tic\u0113\u0161anas astrolo\u0123ijai, un t\u0101s tiktu sal\u012bdzin\u0101tas ar debess \u0137erme\u0146u poz\u012bcij\u0101m. Ta\u010du nav \u0161\u0101da veida p\u0113t\u012bjumu, kas saikni pier\u0101d\u012btu.<br>Ir teorijas, kas k\u0101dreiz tika uzskat\u012btas par zin\u0101tnisk\u0101m, ta\u010du v\u0113l\u0101k secin\u0101ts, ka t\u0101s neatbilst zin\u0101tniskajiem skaidrojumiem par to, k\u0101 darbojas pasaule. Piem\u0113ram, 18. gadsimt\u0101 izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101 frenolo\u0123ija no cilv\u0113ka galvaskausa form\u0101m izdara secin\u0101jumus par cilv\u0113ka raksturu, bet kop\u0161 19. gadsimta tiek atz\u012bta par pseidozin\u0101tni.<br>\u0160is process ilustr\u0113 \u013coti svar\u012bgu zin\u0101tnes iez\u012bmi: zin\u0101tniskie secin\u0101jumi past\u0101v\u012bgi tiek p\u0101rbaud\u012bti, zin\u0101\u0161anas past\u0101v\u012bgi tiek att\u012bst\u012btas. Ja kaut kas par zin\u0101tniski patiesu tika uzskat\u012bts pag\u0101tn\u0113, tas nenoz\u012bm\u0113, ka tas ar\u012b n\u0101kotn\u0113 b\u016bs visprec\u012bz\u0101kais, realit\u0101tei atbilsto\u0161\u0101kais skaidrojums. Par\u0101doties jauniem pier\u0101d\u012bjumiem, zin\u0101tne maina savus skaidrojumus par attiec\u012bgajiem procesiem un par\u0101d\u012bb\u0101m, lai nodro\u0161in\u0101tu, ka teorijas atbilst zin\u0101tnieku r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 eso\u0161ajiem datiem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Raidieraksts (\u017eargon\u0101 \u2013 podk\u0101sts)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Audio materi\u0101ls, kura centr\u0101 ir cilv\u0113ku run\u0101tais un ko ir iesp\u0113jams klaus\u012bties vai lejupiel\u0101d\u0113t tie\u0161saist\u0113. Raidieraksti var b\u016bt da\u017e\u0101dos \u017eanros un form\u0101tos. Piem\u0113ram, raidierakst\u0101 var b\u016bt intervija, diskusija, st\u0101sts, vai kas cits, ko regul\u0101ri veido k\u0101ds autors vai autoru kolekt\u012bvs. Raidieraksti parasti ir public\u0113ti t\u012bmek\u013ca vietn\u0113s vai m\u016bzikas straum\u0113\u0161anas pakalpojumos (piem\u0113ram, Spotify). Auditorijai raidierakstu klaus\u012b\u0161an\u0101s pieredze ir l\u012bdz\u012bga k\u0101 klausoties radio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sazv\u0113rest\u012bbas teorija<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0101da notikuma vai procesa skaidrojums, kas pie\u0146em k\u0101das sl\u0113ptas, ietekm\u012bgas un parasti \u013caunpr\u0101t\u012bgas cilv\u0113ku grupas iesaisti \u0161\u012b notikuma vai procesa noris\u0113. To, kas ir neviena nepl\u0101nots un nejau\u0161s, sazv\u0113rest\u012bbas teorijas skaidro k\u0101 sl\u0113ptu sp\u0113ku sistem\u0101tiskas un m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgas darb\u012bbas rezult\u0101tu. Vienlaikus sazv\u0113rest\u012bbas teorijas to tic\u0113t\u0101jiem sniedz priek\u0161statu, ka bie\u017ei vien haotiskaj\u0101 un neprognoz\u0113jamaj\u0101 pasaul\u0113 eksist\u0113 k\u0101rt\u012bba un lo\u0123ika, un piev\u0113r\u0161an\u0101s attiec\u012bgajai teorijai \u013cauj saskat\u012bt, kas \u201cpaties\u012bb\u0101\u201d notiek. Da\u017ek\u0101rt t\u0101s pied\u0101v\u0101 skaidrojumus par t\u0113m\u0101m, kuras ir l\u012bdz galam neizzin\u0101tas un par kur\u0101m tr\u016bkst uzticamas un p\u0101rbaud\u012btas inform\u0101cijas. \u0160\u0101das inform\u0101cijas tr\u016bkums ne\u013cauj teoriju p\u0101rbaud\u012bt. Ta\u010du tas nenoz\u012bm\u0113, ka t\u0101d\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 tie\u0161i sazv\u0113rest\u012bbas teorija, kas tr\u016bksto\u0161o inform\u0101ciju aizst\u0101j ar pie\u0146\u0113mumiem, ir ticam\u0101kais skaidrojums. Sazv\u0113rest\u012bbas teorijas nereti ir ar\u012b konstru\u0113tas veid\u0101, kur\u0101 t\u0101s nav iesp\u0113jams apg\u0101zt. Piem\u0113ram, var b\u016bt neiesp\u0113jami formul\u0113t, k\u0101da veida pier\u0101d\u012bjumi (ja t\u0101di eksist\u0113tu) sazv\u0113rest\u012bbas teorijas atbalst\u012bt\u0101jiem liktu main\u012bt savas domas. \u0160\u0101du teoriju piekrit\u0113ji m\u0113dz uzlikt par netic\u0113t\u0101ju uzdevumu pier\u0101d\u012bt, ka teorija ir nepamatota. Piem\u0113ram, eksist\u0113 sazv\u0113rest\u012bbas teorija, ka pasauli p\u0101rvalda sl\u0113pta vald\u012bba, un \u0161\u0101das teorijas apg\u0101\u0161ana prasa pier\u0101d\u012bt, ka nepast\u0101v tas, kas nav objekt\u012bvi nov\u0113rojams. Tas, protams, ir neiesp\u0113jami. To, ka \u0161\u0101das vald\u012bbas eksistenci nav iesp\u0113jams tie\u0161\u0101 veid\u0101 nov\u0113rot, sazv\u0113rest\u012bbas teorija izmanto par argumentu, ka \u0161\u012b vald\u012bba savu eksistenci sl\u0113pj. Sazv\u0113rest\u012bbas teorijas nereti ir vair\u0101k sak\u0146otas uz attiec\u012bgo indiv\u012bdu tic\u012bb\u0101s un gaid\u0101s, kas izriet no vi\u0146u pasaules uztveres, nevis objekt\u012bvos pier\u0101d\u012bjumos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Soci\u0101lie mediji<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Interakt\u012bvu tie\u0161saistes mediju veids, kuros lietot\u0101ji var public\u0113t saturu un uz t\u0101 pamata mijiedarboties ar citiem lietot\u0101jiem. M\u016bsdien\u0101s t\u0101di soci\u0101lie mediji k\u0101 Facebook, Instagram, Tiktok un X (iepriek\u0161 Twitter) ir k\u013cuvu\u0161as par noz\u012bm\u012bg\u0101m platform\u0101m, kur cilv\u0113ki seko l\u012bdzi zi\u0146\u0101m, diskut\u0113 par aktu\u0101lajiem notikumiem, uztur starppersonu attiec\u012bbas un tiek pak\u013cauti p\u0101rliecin\u0101\u0161anas komunik\u0101cijai (piem\u0113ram, pre\u010du rekl\u0101m\u0101m vai politiskajai a\u0123it\u0101cijai). Sarunvalod\u0101 soci\u0101lie mediji da\u017ek\u0101rt tiek saukti par soci\u0101lajiem t\u012bkliem, ta\u010du tas ir nepareizi (skat\u012bt terminu \u201csoci\u0101lie t\u012bkli\u201d \u0161in\u012b v\u0101rdn\u012bc\u0101).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Soci\u0101lie t\u012bkli<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Paz\u012b\u0161an\u0101s un mijiedarb\u012bbas attiec\u012bbas. Ikviens cilv\u0113ks, kuru k\u0101ds indiv\u012bds paz\u012bst un ar to uztur kontaktu, ir da\u013ca no \u0161\u012b indiv\u012bda soci\u0101l\u0101 t\u012bkla. Soci\u0101l\u0101 t\u012bklo\u0161an\u0101s var noz\u012bm\u0113t gan eso\u0161o paz\u012b\u0161anos uztur\u0113\u0161anu, gan ar\u012b jaunu veido\u0161anu. Sarunvalod\u0101 par soci\u0101lajiem t\u012bkliem nereti tiek sauktas t\u0101das vietnes k\u0101 Facebook, Instagram vai TikTok. Tom\u0113r soci\u0101l\u0101 t\u012bklo\u0161an\u0101s notiek ne tikai \u0161aj\u0101s interneta vietn\u0113s, un savus soci\u0101los t\u012bklus indiv\u012bdi veido daudz\u0101s cit\u0101s vid\u0113s, tai skait\u0101 m\u0101j\u0101s, darb\u0101 un savies\u012bgos pas\u0101kumos. Savu soci\u0101lo t\u012bklu katrs indiv\u012bds veido pats \u2013 to neveido programm\u0113t\u0101ji, kas izstr\u0101d\u0101 \u0161\u0101das vietnes. \u0160in\u012bs vietn\u0113s eksist\u0113 neskait\u0101ms daudzums soci\u0101lo t\u012bklu, kuri bie\u017ei vien p\u0101rkl\u0101jas ar soci\u0101lajiem t\u012bkliem, kas lietot\u0101jiem eksist\u0113 fiziskaj\u0101 pasaul\u0113, vai ar\u012b tos papildina. T\u0101s nav soci\u0101lie t\u012bkli liel\u0101k\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 k\u0101 uz\u0146\u0113mums vai pils\u0113ta, kas ar\u012b apvieno da\u017e\u0101dus cilv\u0113kus, kuri savstarp\u0113ji mijiedarbojas un apmain\u0101s ar inform\u0101ciju. Korektais j\u0113dziens attiec\u012bgo tie\u0161saistes pakalpojumu apz\u012bm\u0113\u0161anai ir soci\u0101l\u0101s t\u012bklo\u0161an\u0101s vietnes (t\u0101das interneta vietnes, kur notiek soci\u0101l\u0101 t\u012bklo\u0161an\u0101s). \u0160\u012bs vietnes var saukt ar\u012b par soci\u0101lajiem medijiem, lai gan soci\u0101lais medijs ir pla\u0161\u0101ka mediju kategorija, kur\u0101 ietilpst ne tikai soci\u0101l\u0101s t\u012bklo\u0161an\u0101s vietnes, bet ar\u012b citi mediji, kuros lietot\u0101ji var public\u0113t savu saturu un mijiedarboties uz t\u0101 pamata (tai skait\u0101 blogi, tie\u0161saistes forumi un lietot\u0101ju sadarb\u012bbas platformas kop\u0113jam darbam).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Spiegprogrammat\u016bra<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Programmat\u016bra, kas lietot\u0101ja ier\u012bc\u0113 iev\u0101c noteikta veida inform\u0101ciju un pa internetu nos\u016bta tre\u0161aj\u0101m person\u0101m. \u0160\u0101das programmas ir daudzveid\u012bgas un var izsekot interneta un citu pakalpojumu lietojumu, v\u0101kt priv\u0101tus datus, paroles vai citu piesl\u0113g\u0161an\u0101s inform\u0101ciju, zi\u0146as par ier\u012bces tehniskajiem parametriem un ievainojam\u012bb\u0101m, u.tml. Da\u017ek\u0101rt spiegprogrammat\u016bra ier\u012bc\u0113 tiek instal\u0113ta bez ier\u012bces \u012bpa\u0161nieka zi\u0146as, ta\u010du var b\u016bt, ka izseko\u0161anu veic k\u0101da programma, kuru lietot\u0101js ir instal\u0113jis t\u0101p\u0113c, ka tai ir noder\u012bga funkcionalit\u0101te, ta\u010du nezinot par t\u0101s kait\u012bgo dabu. Spiego\u0161ana var izpausties da\u017e\u0101di, tai skait\u0101 \u0161\u0137ietami ikdieni\u0161\u0137i. Programmas, kas tiek izplat\u012btas bez maksas, bet r\u0101da rekl\u0101mas, m\u0113dz iev\u0101kt ar lietot\u0101ju saist\u012btus datus, kuri vai nu tiek izmantoti, lai r\u0101d\u012btu tie\u0161i konkr\u0113tajam lietot\u0101jam paredz\u0113tas rekl\u0101mas, vai ar\u012b p\u0101rdoti t\u0101l\u0101k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ticam\u012bba<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u012bpa\u0161\u012bba, kas inform\u0101ciju padara par t\u0101du, par ko var pa\u013cauties \u2013 t\u0101du, par kuru ir zin\u0101ms, ka t\u0101 ir patiesa un \u0146emama nopietni. Par ticamu var uzskat\u012bt t\u0101du inform\u0101ciju, kuru ir iesp\u0113jams vai nu indiv\u012bdam pa\u0161am p\u0101rbaud\u012bt, par to iev\u0101cot inform\u0101ciju no da\u017e\u0101diem avotiem vai pa\u0161roc\u012bgi un tie\u0161\u0101 veid\u0101 izzinot, vai ar\u012b t\u0101du, par kuras patiesumu t\u0101s avots vai izplat\u012bt\u0101js atbild, un \u0161is avots un izplat\u012bt\u0101js ir ar labu reput\u0101ciju (ir zin\u0101ms ar to, ka izplata patiesu inform\u0101ciju).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u012bmek\u013ca p\u0101rl\u016bkprogramma (t\u012bmek\u013ca p\u0101rl\u016bks)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Programma, kas ier\u012bces (datora, t\u0101lru\u0146a, plan\u0161etdatora) lietot\u0101jam \u013cauj apmekl\u0113t t\u012bmek\u013ca lapas. Eksist\u0113 daudz da\u017e\u0101du p\u0101rl\u016bkprogrammu \u2013 to pamata funkcionalit\u0101te ir l\u012bdz\u012bga, bet at\u0161\u0137iras izskats, da\u017eas iesp\u0113jas, k\u0101 ar\u012b dro\u0161\u012bbas un nodro\u0161in\u0101t\u0101 priv\u0101tuma l\u012bmenis. T\u0101 k\u0101 p\u0101rl\u016bkprogramma apstr\u0101d\u0101 inform\u0101ciju par t\u012bmek\u013ca lap\u0101m, kuras lietot\u0101js apmekl\u0113, k\u0101 ar\u012b nolasa \u0161aj\u0101s lap\u0101s public\u0113to inform\u0101ciju, tai skait\u0101 to kodu, priv\u0101tuma un dro\u0161\u012bbas aspektiem ir liela noz\u012bme. Popul\u0101ras p\u0101rl\u016bkprogrammas ir Google Chrome un Microsoft Edge. Izce\u013cama ir Mozilla Firefox, kas ir nekomerci\u0101la un aizsarg\u0101 lietot\u0101ju prov\u0101tumu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tro\u013c\u013ci<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Personas, kas tie\u0161saistes vid\u0113 uzvedas apzin\u0101ti provokat\u012bvi, nekonstrukt\u012bvi un agres\u012bvi, populariz\u0113jot noteiktus v\u0113st\u012bjumus un v\u0113r\u0161oties pret v\u0113st\u012bjumiem, kuriem nepiekr\u012bt. Tro\u013c\u013ci \u0161\u0101di var uzvesties p\u0113c savas iniciat\u012bvas, ta\u010du tro\u013c\u013cu lietojums ir ar\u012b viena no organiz\u0113tu manipul\u0101ciju tehnik\u0101m. \u0160\u0101dos gad\u012bjumos tro\u013c\u013ci sa\u0146em uzdevumu no pas\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja izplat\u012bt noteikta veida inform\u0101ciju vai v\u0113st\u012bjumus un v\u0113rsties pret noteiktiem cilv\u0113kiem vai viedok\u013ciem. Tro\u013c\u013ci m\u0113dz izmantot botus (termins ir aprakst\u012bts \u0161in\u012b v\u0101rdn\u012bc\u0101), lai padar\u012btu savu darb\u012bbu masveid\u012bg\u0101ku. \u0160\u0101da r\u012bc\u012bba reti var neb\u016bt efekt\u012bva citu soci\u0101lo mediju lietot\u0101ju p\u0101rliecin\u0101\u0161an\u0101 par labu noteiktam viedoklim vai poz\u012bcijai, ta\u010du \u0161\u0101di var mazin\u0101t noteiktu viedok\u013cu pau\u0161anu publiskaj\u0101 telp\u0101, jo \u0161o viedok\u013cu autori, nev\u0113loties sa\u0146emt agresiju, var attur\u0113ties no savu uzskatu izteik\u0161anas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Viedoklis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Spriedums, skatupnkts vai apgalvojums, kas atspogu\u013co k\u0101da cilv\u0113ka vai organiz\u0101cijas uzskatus un vi\u0146u interpret\u0101ciju par faktiem. Viedoklis ir subjekt\u012bvs, un t\u0101 patiesumu p\u0101rbaud\u012bt nav iesp\u0113jams, ta\u010du var izv\u0113rt\u0113t pamatot\u012bbu. Viedok\u013ca izteikums var satur\u0113t atsauces uz konkr\u0113tiem faktiem. \u0160os faktus savuk\u0101rt var p\u0101rbaud\u012bt, un, ja tie ir aplami (tas ir, tie nav fakti), ir iesp\u0113jams, ka viedoklis ir balst\u012bts uz nepatiesu inform\u0101ciju un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di nav pamatots. Viedoklis var satur\u0113t ar\u012b lo\u0123ikas un argument\u0101cijas k\u013c\u016bdas, un ar\u012b to kl\u0101tb\u016btni ir iesp\u0113jams p\u0101rbaud\u012bt. V\u0113r\u0101 \u0146emamam viedoklim ir j\u0101b\u016bt balst\u012btam uz patiesiem faktiem, piln\u012bgu inform\u0101ciju un lo\u0123isku argument\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Viltus balanss<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u013c\u016bda, k\u0101da jaut\u0101juma izkl\u0101st\u0101 vis\u0101m k\u0101d\u0101 notikum\u0101 vai diskusij\u0101 iesaist\u012btaj\u0101m pus\u0113m pie\u0161\u0137irot vien\u0101du svaru.<br>\u0160\u012b k\u013c\u016bda m\u0113dz b\u016bt sastopama \u017eurn\u0101listik\u0101, bet ne tikai. Ir jomas, par kur\u0101m eksist\u0113 da\u017e\u0101di viedok\u013ci, ta\u010du ne visi no \u0161iem viedok\u013ciem ir vien\u0101d\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 pamatoti ar faktiem un jaun\u0101kaj\u0101m zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m. \u017durn\u0101listu uzdevums ir ne tikai atspogu\u013cot da\u017e\u0101dos viedok\u013cus, bet ar\u012b izprast sav\u0101 materi\u0101l\u0101 apskat\u012bto t\u0113mu tik liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101, lai sp\u0113tu noteikt, kuras no da\u017e\u0101daj\u0101m sabiedr\u012bb\u0101 eksist\u0113jo\u0161aj\u0101m poz\u012bcij\u0101m par attiec\u012bgo jaut\u0101jumu ir noz\u012bm\u012bg\u0101k\u0101s un pamatot\u0101k\u0101s. \u0160\u012bm poz\u012bcij\u0101m materi\u0101los ir pamats piev\u0113rst visliel\u0101ko uzman\u012bbu. Visus viedok\u013cus uzskatot par vienl\u012bdz svar\u012bgiem, auditorij\u0101 tiek rad\u012bts priek\u0161stats par to, ka konkr\u0113taj\u0101 jaut\u0101jum\u0101 past\u0101v liel\u0101ka neviennoz\u012bm\u012bba nek\u0101 paties\u012bb\u0101 ir. Piem\u0113ram, da\u017ei cilv\u0113ki uzskata, ka zeme ir plakana. Tom\u0113r \u017eurn\u0101listiem, ja tie raksta par zemes formu, nav pamata iek\u013caut \u0161\u0101dus viedok\u013cus, jo tie ir ap\u0161aub\u0101mi. \u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 viltus balanss var rad\u012bt iespaidu, ka jaut\u0101jums par to, vai zeme ir apa\u013ca, nav l\u012bdz galam noskaidrots. L\u012bdz\u012bgi ir ar\u012b par klimata p\u0101rmai\u0146\u0101m: lai gan vairums zin\u0101tnieku ir konstat\u0113ju\u0161i, ka t\u0101s notiek un ir cilv\u0113ku izrais\u012btas, da\u017ei cilv\u0113ki un organiz\u0101cijas da\u017e\u0101du iemeslu d\u0113\u013c tam nepiekr\u012bt. Bez nepiecie\u0161ama konteksta snieg\u0161anas liekot blakus zin\u0101tnieku viedoklim \u0161\u0101du viedokli, var rad\u012bt aplamu iespaidu, ka jaut\u0101jums ir diskutabls un par to ir daudz domstarp\u012bbu un neskaidr\u012bbu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Viltus zi\u0146as<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Nepatiesa inform\u0101cija, kuras form\u0101ts un stils imit\u0113 zi\u0146as. Zi\u0146u stil\u0101 veidota inform\u0101cija, kas nav balst\u012bta uz patiesiem apgalvojumiem vai faktiem. M\u016bsdien\u0101s \u0161is j\u0113dziens nereti tiek attiecin\u0101ts uz krietni daudzveid\u012bg\u0101kas inform\u0101cijas veidiem, kur\u0101 k\u0101ds ir saskat\u012bjis k\u0101dus tr\u016bkumus. Piem\u0113ram, par viltus zi\u0146\u0101m m\u0113dz saukt inform\u0101ciju, kam nav nek\u0101da sakara ar zi\u0146\u0101m \u2013 tai skait\u0101 no konteksta izrautus apgalvojumus, ko k\u0101ds ir public\u0113jis soci\u0101lajos medijos vai baumas. Da\u017ei politi\u0137i par viltus zi\u0146\u0101m sauc patiesas zi\u0146as, kur\u0101m vi\u0146i nepiekr\u012bt. T\u0101 k\u0101 viltus zi\u0146u j\u0113dziena noz\u012bme m\u016bsdien\u0101s ir visai izpl\u016bdusi un ne vienm\u0113r ir skaidrs, kas kur\u0101 situ\u0101cij\u0101 ar to tiek saprasts, ir v\u0113lams \u0161o j\u0113dzienu neizmantot. T\u0101 viet\u0101 j\u0101izv\u0113las j\u0113dzieni, kas prec\u012bz\u0101k ataino to, k\u0101da ir probl\u0113ma ar konkr\u0113to inform\u0101cijas vien\u012bbu: propaganda, nepatiesi fakti, no konteksta izrauti fakti, visp\u0101rin\u0101jumi uz nepietiekamas inform\u0101cijas pamata, baumas u.c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vir\u0101ls saturs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Saturs, kas \u012bs\u0101 laik\u0101 pla\u0161i izplat\u0101s k\u0101d\u0101 inform\u0101cijas vid\u0113, it \u012bpa\u0161i soci\u0101lajos medijos. J\u0113dziens \u0161o procesu apraksta uz l\u012bdz\u012bbas pamata ar v\u012brusa infekcijas strauju izplat\u012b\u0161anos no viena cilv\u0113ka uz citu. Vir\u0101lais saturs ar\u012b izplat\u0101s starp cilv\u0113kiem \u2013 tie, kas ar attiec\u012bgo saturu ir non\u0101ku\u0161i kontakt\u0101, v\u0113las to izplat\u012bt t\u0101l\u0101k. Satura veidot\u0101ji nereti ir ieinteres\u0113ti, lai vi\u0146u veidotie materi\u0101li sasniegtu p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas liel\u0101ku auditoriju un t\u0101p\u0113c m\u0113\u0123ina tam pie\u0161\u0137irt \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas, kuru d\u0113\u013c auditorija v\u0113las ar konkr\u0113to saturu dal\u012bties. Viralit\u0101te var b\u016bt ar\u012b nepl\u0101nota un da\u017ek\u0101rt pat negrib\u0113ta: auditorija var b\u016bt liel\u0101ka nek\u0101 satura veidot\u0101js vai public\u0113t\u0101js gaid\u012bjis. Cilv\u0113ki, kas nepieder s\u0101kotn\u0113ji iecer\u0113tajai auditorijai, konkr\u0113to satura vien\u012bbu var uztvert at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgi no iecer\u0113t\u0101, un tas var rad\u012bt ar\u012b nev\u0113lamas sekas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vispasaules t\u012bmeklis (ar\u012b \u2013 t\u012bmeklis)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Inform\u0101cijas sist\u0113ma, kas atbilsto\u0161i noteiktam protokolam \u013cauj internet\u0101 public\u0113t dokumentus \u2013 t\u012bmek\u013ca lapas un t\u0101m piek\u013c\u016bt. T\u012bmek\u013ca lapas ir hiperteksta dokumenti \u2013 t\u0101s satur atsauces (hipersaites jeb vienk\u0101r\u0161i saites) uz citiem \u0161\u0101diem dokumentiem. Hipersaites ir veids, k\u0101 lietot\u0101js t\u012bmekl\u012b no viena dokumenta non\u0101k cit\u0101. Hipertekstualit\u0101te, kas attiecas uz dokumentu savienot\u012bbu, ir viena no vispasaules t\u012bmek\u013ca pamata principiem. Lai piek\u013c\u016btu vispasaules t\u012bmeklim, ir nepiecie\u0161ama p\u0101rl\u016bkprogramma (skat\u012bt atbilsto\u0161o skaidrojumu \u0161aj\u0101 v\u0101rdn\u012bc\u0101).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vlogs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Video blogs jeb regul\u0101ri public\u0113ta inform\u0101cija par k\u0101du t\u0113mu video form\u0101t\u0101. Parasti vlog\u0101 ir redzams vai dzirdams t\u0101 autors. To tematiskais loks ir neierobe\u017eots. Daudzi vlogi ir platform\u0101s, kur\u0101s var aug\u0161upiel\u0101d\u0113t videomateri\u0101lus, piem\u0113ram, YouTube, TikTok un Instagram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zi\u0146as<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u017durn\u0101listikas \u017eanrs, kur\u0101 tiek v\u0113st\u012bts par aktu\u0101lajiem notikumiem. Zi\u0146u veido\u0161an\u0101 ir j\u0101iev\u0113ro \u017eurn\u0101listikas profesion\u0101lie standarti: j\u0101v\u0113sta paties\u012bba, j\u0101izmanto uzticami avoti, j\u0101iev\u0101c inform\u0101cija no vis\u0101m iesaist\u012btaj\u0101m pus\u0113m un pretrunu gad\u012bjum\u0101 j\u0101izv\u0113rt\u0113 da\u017e\u0101do pu\u0161u viedok\u013cu pamatot\u012bba, j\u0101b\u016bt neatkar\u012bgiem no iesaist\u012btaj\u0101m pus\u0113m, u.c. Zi\u0146\u0101s inform\u0101cijas izkl\u0101sts parasti ir neitr\u0101ls. Zi\u0146as ir j\u0101no\u0161\u0137ir no autora person\u012bg\u0101 viedok\u013ca: \u017eurn\u0101listi savu viedokli parasti pau\u017e medija koment\u0101ru un viedok\u013cu rubrik\u0101. Zi\u0146\u0101m ir da\u017e\u0101das standarta kategorijas \u2013 piem\u0113ram, iek\u0161poltika un sabiedrisk\u0101s norises, \u0101rpolitika, ekonomika, sports, kult\u016bra, izklaide, u.c. Eksist\u0113 virkne krit\u0113riju, kurus \u017eurn\u0101listi izmanto, lai izv\u0113rt\u0113tu, vai k\u0101ds notikums ir t\u0101 v\u0113rts, lai par to veidotu zi\u0146as. Piem\u0113ram, notikuma nesenums, tuvums, konflikts, noz\u012bm\u012bgums auditorijai, u.c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Algoritms Instrukciju \u0137\u0113de, kas \u013cauj non\u0101kt pie attiec\u012bgajai situ\u0101cijai atbilsto\u0161a risin\u0101juma. Piem\u0113ram, algoritms var regul\u0113t, k\u0101di so\u013ci ir j\u0101sper, saskaroties ar konkr\u0113tu probl\u0113mu vai ar\u012b kas j\u0101dara, ja iest\u0101jas noteikti apst\u0101k\u013ci. M\u016bsdien\u0101s viens no bie\u017e\u0101kajiem kontekstiem, k\u0101d\u0101 publiskaj\u0101 telp\u0101 \u0161is j\u0113dziens tiek lietots, attiecas uz satura atlasi soci\u0101lo mediju zi\u0146u pl\u016bsm\u0101s. No visa soci\u0101lajos medijos [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/page-glossary.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14426","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Skaidrojo\u0161\u0101 v\u0101rdn\u012bca - Becid<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/becid.eu\/lv\/skaidrojosa-vardnica\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"lv_LV\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Skaidrojo\u0161\u0101 v\u0101rdn\u012bca - Becid\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Algoritms Instrukciju \u0137\u0113de, kas \u013cauj non\u0101kt pie attiec\u012bgajai situ\u0101cijai atbilsto\u0161a risin\u0101juma. Piem\u0113ram, algoritms var regul\u0113t, k\u0101di so\u013ci ir j\u0101sper, saskaroties ar konkr\u0113tu probl\u0113mu vai ar\u012b kas j\u0101dara, ja iest\u0101jas noteikti apst\u0101k\u013ci. M\u016bsdien\u0101s viens no bie\u017e\u0101kajiem kontekstiem, k\u0101d\u0101 publiskaj\u0101 telp\u0101 \u0161is j\u0113dziens tiek lietots, attiecas uz satura atlasi soci\u0101lo mediju zi\u0146u pl\u016bsm\u0101s. 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Piem\u0113ram, algoritms var regul\u0113t, k\u0101di so\u013ci ir j\u0101sper, saskaroties ar konkr\u0113tu probl\u0113mu vai ar\u012b kas j\u0101dara, ja iest\u0101jas noteikti apst\u0101k\u013ci. M\u016bsdien\u0101s viens no bie\u017e\u0101kajiem kontekstiem, k\u0101d\u0101 publiskaj\u0101 telp\u0101 \u0161is j\u0113dziens tiek lietots, attiecas uz satura atlasi soci\u0101lo mediju zi\u0146u pl\u016bsm\u0101s. 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